PRONOUNS
Pronoun
adalah kata yang digunakan untuk menggantikan noun (kata
benda) yang dapat berupa orang, benda, hewan, tempat, atau konsep abstrak.
Macam-macam dan Contoh Kalimat
Pronoun
1.
Personal pronoun (I, You, They, We, She, He, It,
Us, Her, His, Them, Mine, Yours, Its)
Kata ganti untuk orang, hewan, benda, atau hal secara
spesifik. Bentuk kata ganti ini tergantung pada peran (subject, object,
possessive), jumlah, orang ke-, dan gender dari noun yang digantikan.
Contoh : She prefers to brisk walk to
jog (Dia lebih memilih jalan cepat daripada joging.)
Kata ganti yang menggunakan parameter number (jumlah) dan distance (jarak).
Contoh : This is the most
interesting book I have ever read. (Ini buku paling menarik yang saya
pernah baca.)
Kata ganti yang digunakan untuk mengajukan pertanyaan.
Contoh : Who is that
man?. (Siapa lelaki itu?)
4. Relative Pronoun (who,
whose, which, whom, that, etc)
Kata ganti yang biasanya mengawali relative clause.
Contoh : The packet, which was sent a week ago,
has received. (Paket tersebut, yang dikirim seminggu lalu, telah diterima.)
5. Indefinite Pronoun (anything,
everything, none, someone, something, etc)
Kata ganti untuk orang, benda, atau hal secara
umum atau tidak spesifik.
Contoh : You did everything right. (Kamu
melakukan semuanya dengan benar.)
6. Reflexive Pronoun (myself,
yourself, itself, youselves, himself, herself, ourselves, themselves )
Kata ganti yang digunakan untuk menyatakan bahwa subjek
menerima aksi dari verb (reciprocal action)
pada suatu clause atau kalimat.
Contoh : I‘m going to buy myself
new jeans. (Saya akan membeli celana jins.)
Kata ganti yang digunakan untuk memberikan penekanan
pada noun yang mendahuluinya.
Contoh : I myself promise not to
corrupt the project. (Saya berjanji tidak akan mengorupsi proyek
tersebut.)
8. Reciprocal Pronoun (each
other, one another)
Kata ganti yang digunakan pada kondisi ketika dua atau
lebih subjek melakukan aksi yang sama satu sama lain.
Contoh : They love each other. (Mereka saling
mencintai.)
Pronoun – Antecedent
Agreement
Pronoun-antecedent agreement merupakan persesuaian antara pronoun dengan antecedent dalam hal number, person, dan gender. Apa itu antecedent? yaitu kata, frasa, atau
klausa yang digantikan oleh pronoun. Agreement ini diperlukan tentunya
jika ada keduanya di dalam kalimat.
Contoh : You
should take off yours there.
(Kamu harus melepas milikmu di sana.)
Keterangan
: You
= Antecedent
Yours
= Pronoun
Expletive Pronoun
(There & It)
Expletive merupakan
“empty words” atau kata-kata yang tidak menambah arti, namun berguna
untuk memberi penekanan pada bagian tertentu suatu kalimat. There/it digunakan
bersama verb be untuk
membentuk expletive construction.
Contoh
: There
is no food in my house. (Tidak ada makanan di rumahku.)
LATIHAN
SOAL
1.
………. is on the table
a.
You c.
Yours
b.
Your d. You’re
2.
The packet, ………. was sent a week ago, has
received.
a.
Which c. Who
b.
Whom d. Whose
3.
The table ……. was made of oak wood has broken.
a.
Who c. Whom
b.
Whose d.
Which
4.
He is the one for …… I’m waiting.
a.
Whom c. Which
b.
Whose d. Who
5.
I‘m going to buy …….
new jacket
a.
Itself c. Themselves
b.
Myself d. Yourself
6.
The team ……. you
were watching has won three gold
a.
Whose c. Which
b. Whom d. Who
7.
I and David look ………. when trying some
clothes in Mall
a.
Each
other c. Another one
b.
One another d. One else
8.
Our host family always invites my roommate
and ……. to their house on Sundays.
a.
Me c. My
b.
I d. Mine
9.
Tito was the only foreigner …….. I saw at the
convention.
a.
Who c. Whom
b.
What d. Which
10.
A few of ……. are planning to drive to Florida
during spring break.
a.
Us girls c. Girls we
b.
We girls d. Girls
NOUN
Apa itu Nouns ?
Definisi sederhananya adalah : a person, place
or thing
Berikut di bawah ini beberapa contoh :
·
person: man, woman, teacher, John, Mary
·
place: home, office, town,
countryside, America
·
thing: table, car, banana, money,
music, love, dog, monkey
Langkah
sederhana untuk memahami apa itu noun sebagai berikut:
1.
Ending
2.
Position
3.
Function
1.
Noun Ending
There
are multiple endings that show it is noun, for example:
·
-y,
ty, ity > nationality, honesty, stupidity, purity, eternity.
·
-ing
> building, reading, meeting, swimming, engineering.
·
-ment
> appointment, advertisement, agreement,
development, employment, entertainment.
·
-ness
> happiness, loneliness, loveliness, sadness.
·
-ation,
ion > relation, action, decision, connection,
correction, alteration.
·
-hood
> childhood, motherhood, brotherhood, manhood
·
-ship
> championship, relationship, friendship.
The
noun is usually there after determiner (a determiner is a word like a, an, the,
this, my, such)
The
Example :
·
a relief
·
an afternoon
·
the doctor
·
this word
·
my house
·
such stupidity
Nouns
are also often present on one or two adjectives:
The
Example :
·
a
great relief, a beautiful relief
·
a
peaceful afternoon
·
the
tall, Indian doctor
·
this
difficult word
·
my
brown and white house
·
such crass stupidity
Nouns
have a specific function in a sentence
for
example:
·
subject
of verb: Doctors work hard. Student study hard
·
object
of verb: He likes coffee. Ani wrote in the book
·
subject
and object of verb: Teachers teach students. Angga fight with Anggi.
Noun classification in
English
Countable Nouns, Uncountable Nouns
Proper Nouns (Names)
Possessive 's
Noun as Adjective
Compound Nouns
Proper Nouns (Names)
Possessive 's
Noun as Adjective
Compound Nouns
Countable Nouns are words
which can be counted. They have a singular form and a plural form. They usually
refer to things. Most countable nouns become plural by adding an ‘s’ at the end
of the word.
Singular Plural
Chair Chairs
Bottle Bottles
Student Students
Uncountable Nouns are words which cannot be
counted. Therefore, they only have a singular form and haven’t plural form.
These words are thought of as wholes rather than as parts. They usually refer
to abstractions (such as confidence or advice) or collectives (such as
equipment or luggage).
Singular
Money
Furniture
Information
Proper Nouns has two distinctive features :
1) it will name a specific (usually a one of a kind) item, and 2) it will begin
with a capital letter no matter where it occurs in a sentence.
Common Nouns also has two distinctive
features : 1) it will name a general. 2) it will begin does not use capital
letter.
Common Nouns Proper Nouns
writer Herman Melville
teacher Mrs. Hacket
beagle Snoopy
cookie Oreo
restaurant Tito’s Taco Palace
school University
of Southern California
Compound Nouns are nouns that can be combined
from a few words. The first part tells us what kind of object or person it is,
or what its purpose is. The second part identifies the object or person in
question.
What type / What or
what purpose who
Police man
Boy friend
Fish tank
Dining table
Bed room
There
are no clear rules about this. So write the common compounds that you know well
as one word, and the others as two words.
|
The two parts may be
|
Examples
|
|
Noun + noun
|
Bedroom
|
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Water tank
|
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Motorcycle
|
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Printer cartridge
|
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Noun + verb
|
Rainfall
|
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Haircut
|
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Train-sportting
|
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Noun + adverb
|
Hanger-on
|
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Passer-by
|
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Verb + noun
|
Washing machine
|
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Driving licence
|
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Swimming pool
|
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Verb + adverb
|
Lookout
|
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Take-off
|
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Drawback
|
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Adjective + noun
|
Greenhouse
|
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Software
|
|
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Redhead
|
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Adjective + verb
|
Dry-cleaning
|
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Public speaking
|
|
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Adverb + noun
|
Onlooker
|
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Bystander
|
|
|
Adverb +verb
|
Output
|
|
Overthrow
|
|
|
Upturn
|
|
|
input
|
LATIHAN SOAL
1.
I
put …… in my coffee
a.
Some
sugars c. Sugars
b.
Some sugar d. Sugar
2.
It’s
a shame that you have …… time in New York on the tour
a.
So
few c. A few
b.
So
little d. A
little
3.
………
days ago I met a very interesting person.
a.
Little c. So little
b.
A few d. Few
4.
I
was hungry, so I ate ……….
a.
A
few nuts c. Little
nuts
b.
A
little nuts d. Few nuts
5.
John
F. Kennedy was …….. of the United Statess.
a.
The
thirty-five president c. The president thirty fifth
b.
The thirty-fifth president d. President the thirty-five
6.
Please go to ……… to pick up your ID card
a.
Third window c. Window third
b.
The window three d. The
third window
7.
May I have two …….. instead of beans, please?
a.
Corn’s ear c. Corn ears
b.
Ear of corns d. Ears
of corn
8.
Let’s buy our tickets while I still have have
……… left.
a.
A
few money c. A few dollars
b.
A little moneys d. A few dollar
9.
I always put my best …….. in a safe-deposit
box.
a.
Jewelries c. Pieces
of jewelry
b.
Jewelry’s pieces d. Piece of jewelries
10.
I’ll have a cup of tea and …….
a.
Two toasts c. Two
pieces of toast
b.
Two piece of toasts d. Two pieces of toast
